The Fourteenth Amendment Of The Constitution - 2057 Words

The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments are a really big part of the Constitution for slavery and about the equal rights in the United States. The government created the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendment to allow racial equality in the United States by freeing all of the slaves, giving them the right to get citizenship, and the right to vote. I will be talking about each Amendment and how they were formed and also why. The Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution says, â€Å"Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall†¦show more content†¦Since the Thirteenth Amendment was passed in America than that means that all of the slaves are free and get the same rights as any usual white man. Thirteenth amendment makes slavery and involuntary servitude, in A merica it is illegal to have slaves. President Andrew Johnson helped get the thirteenth amendment ratified by three-fourths of the state in 1865. To pass a law the state legislatures have to vote more than three fourths or else the law does not become a law. It also takes a long time for all of the legislatures to vote on it because they have to talk about it and agree or disagree with each other and that could become a very long time before the law gets approved or not. They ended slavery after the Civil War and the Senate proposed the thirteenth amendment in 1864. Slavery was the main reason that the Civil War started. Abraham Lincoln started it by trying to put the Thirteenth Amendment into the Constitution. Kentucky is the only state that still uses the Union and declined to emancipate slaves. Kentucky is one of the states that allowed people to have slaves and have people work for them legally. The thirteenth amendment is the subject of controversy. The Supreme Court ruled the Thirteenth amendment and says that it does not apply to discrimination in private relationships. Mississippi did not ratify the thirteenth amendment. Mississippi was allowed to be

Effects Of Children On Adult Issues - 1913 Words

For many years, it has been controversially debated whether or not exposing children to adult issues will have a detrimental effect on their developmental health due to their lack of maturity and lack of real world experience. While some believe that children exposed to these issues at an early age will grow up to live normal healthy lives that idea is not commonly accepted. In order to protect children from adult issues such as violence, children have become what is known as an protected audience. What children are protected from varies from one area to another. In some countries, young children are protected from media that displays violence while in other countries these images are more socially acceptable and as a result children†¦show more content†¦Since the very founding of the United States, American culture has been full of violence. For example, when Christopher Columbus found the United States it was already being inhabited by Native Americans. With the help of h is men, Columbus enslaved and killed many of the inhabitants. Within 60 years of his landing only a couple hundred of the original 250,000 Taino Native Americans remained. These acts of brutal violence carried on into the Salem witch trials and slavery. During the times of slavery many African Americans were raped, maimed, and lynched. These lynchings were often made into public spectacles and many times children were in attendance. Although society no longer deems it acceptable to commit such heinous acts publically, children in modern day are still being exposed to violence regularly. With the advancement of technology children have greater access to violent media than ever before. In 1950, only 10% of American households had a television this value has exponentially grown to 99% in 2015. Many children have a television in their bedroom this contributes to children watching programs without parental supervision. The problem with children watching television unsupervised is that t he content of the television program is not being monitored by an adult. Televisions programs display roughly 800 acts of violence an hour and children programs, especially cartoons, display up to 20 acts of violence an hour.3 Television

Mechanical Engineering

Question : Discuss about theModelling Techniques of Mechanical Engineering ? Answer : Introduction The paper has been for the aquifer water movement into or out of the oil or the gas reservoirs. This is based on the aquifers which are mainly for the maintenance of the pressure, with the balance of the material and the well-flooded calculations. For this, the gas storage operations work on the movement of water and the prediction of the pressure with the pore volume behaviour. Through this, there have been volume which has been occupied by the reservoir fluid where the flow model has been used for the idealised and the mathematical representation of the water flow. It is based on the prediction setup of the movement of water where there is a need for selecting the flow model and to handle the reservoir aquifer system. The quantity is based on computing the reservoir pressure and then working on the water-influx rates which are able to predict and handle the amount of the gas reservoir pressure and the pore volume performance for the gas-in-place schedule. (Abdulkarim, 2015). With t his, the model has been applied for the reservoir performances which is set by the thick sand model with the radial flow Modelling Techniques The prediction of the water movement need to work on the flow model for the reservoir aquifer system where there has been a detailed flow model to date the radial flow. The horizontal approach includes the interface between the reservoir fluid and the water of the aquifer with the proper depth set for the underlying the reservoir. The bottom-water drive will be able to handle the 3D model which accounts mainly for the pressure gradients and the other flow of the water system in a vertical direction. This is working in a detailed description through the formulation of the governing behaviour to solution of the equation. The model mainly accounts for the cases of the vertical permeability which is set in equal to the fraction of the horizontal permeability pattern. (Naderi et al., 2016). The drop of pressure values can easily be used to predict the reservoir from the water-influx rates. It includes the prediction of the water-influx when a known reservoir pressure is there. The gravity includes the analysis of the patterns where there has no major effect on the flow of the homogenous fluid and the other boundary conditions. Hence, the gravity acceleration is zero when there is a final result is found to be unchanged. The pressure distribution can easily be altered by the inclusion of the analysis of the gravity with the time constant hydrostatic head. The equations are working on the development and prediction of the pressure with the pore-volume behaviour for gas storage. The prediction is also based on the bottom reservoir performance on the bottom water drive model which completely differs from the other horizontal flow model which are based on van Everdingen and Hurst. (Osman et al., 2015). The problem is based on the physical interpretation which is for the practical significance. It includes the gravity in the analysis with the trivial pattern that has no effect on the flow of the homogenous patterns with the compressing fluid with the fixed boundary system which is subjected to the boundary conditions. The gravity acceleration is zero where the final results is found to be unchanged. The pressure distribution is based on alteration by including of the gravity. The time-constant hydrostatic head is based on applying the prediction the pressure and the pore-volume behaviour of the gas storage reservoir. The edge water drive flow model can easily be treated by the Everdingen and Hurst which includes the thickness of the aquifer h which is small in relation to the reservoir or the radius r. The water is easily able to invade and recede from the field at the edge of the latter where there have been horizontal radial flow which are seen in the figure. The bottom water-drive reservoir aquifer system has been properly sketched. The thickness of the aquifer is h is based on the relation to r where the flow of the water is in and out of the reservoir for the rough horizontal reservoir fluid interface. (Spain et al., 2015). The aquifer is considered to be holding the right circular cylinder of the height h and the radius at the exterior which. There have been upper and the lower faces which are found to be impermeable except for the portions of the face which is at the upper side and intersected by the reservoir. The formation of the aquifer is considered to be constant but completely unequa l to handle the permeability in the direction set in the horizontal and the vertical direction. The consideration is also about the average vertical permeability which is equal to the average of the horizontal permeability that is set in the aquifers with a thin and the shale streaks in discontinuous manner. The fraction taken is 1 and the applications for this thick model is considered to be homogenous. The petroleum reservoirs are set in contact with the aquifers which provide the support through the influx of water. The prediction is based on the behaviour of accurate aquifer model. The flow geometry is with the reservoir aquifer system which has been the edge water and the bottom water drive. The edge water drive where the patterns are based on radial diffusivity equation. The assumptions are based on the better model with coats that has been model which takes into account for the vertical flow effects. The objective is based on the development of the depletion strategy for the active bottom water drive reservoir which improves the oil recovery with the reduction of the water production. It is mainly due to the coning, with the delay water breakthrough time and then pre-identifying the well to work on excessive water production. (Codrington et al., 2016). Limitations and Challenges Considering the knowledge of the solution, the diffusive equation has been mainly to govern the water movement aquifer which is set about the bottom water drive reservoir. With this, there have been validity for the radial infinite aquifers are set. The other pattern obtained is the use of the finite Hankel transformation which is for the aquifers to handle the fitness degrees. The significance is to show the difference which arise mainly in between the performance of the field that is set by the thick sand and the radial flow model in horizontal manner. The focus has been on the pressure gradients in the vertical direction which is set mainly due to the water flow. The calculations are for the aquifer water movement which is set for handling the material balance and the well flooding calculations. In gas storage operations work on the water movement where the prediction of the pressure and the pore-volume behaviour. The term includes the denoting the volume which has been occupied b y the fluid of the reservoir. (Hosseini et al., 2016). The physical reasonable flow model has been set accordingly to the radial flow model by van Everdingen and Hurst. The cases are depending upon the situations on the aquifer with the horizontal interface between the fluid of the reservoir and the aquifer water. The significance is based on bottom water drive will occur as per the 3D model accounting for the pressure gradients and the flow of water. The vertical direction works on the formulation of the governing of the partial differential equation to solution. The model is based on the vertical permeability which equals to the horizontal permeability. The pressure drop works on the equations to predict the reservoir pressure which is from the known water influx rate with the water influx rate. Possible Outcomes The focus has been on the increased emphasis of the models with the resistance curve technique which oppose the flow model. The latter approach has been a major necessity that involves the idealisation that involves the different reservoirs mainly to handle the geometry of the aquifer and the homogeneity. The objection is about the arising the cases which violate based on the resistance curve methods. This also includes the objections of the no assumptions that concern about the aquifer geometry and the homogeneity that involves the determination of the resistance curve. (Codrington et al., 2016). The pattern is for the resistance curve method where the will is mainly to replace the model method in the long run with the increased ease and accuracy for calculating the water movement. The method has been set depending upon the edge-water drive gas field gas which has been carried out in effective manner. The different degree of success is set to match the field behaviour through the us e of the horizontal flow of the radial model. With this, the reflection is on the different degrees to which the model has been working based on the idealization process. In present, there are certain flow models which are mainly to provide with the useful tool with the prediction set of the reservoir performance. The standards are based on comparison to the resistance curves which are obtained from the field data through a proper reliable method. The example is the pertinence to the resistance curves which might be for the comparison to the different models. Reference Abdulkarim, M., 2015.Development of Coning Correlations for Oil Rim Reservoirs using Experimental Design and Response Surface Methodology(Doctoral dissertation). Osman, A.I.A., Alsayed, H.A. and Elshaikh, M., 2015.Evaluation of Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) Implemented in Bamboo Field(Doctoral dissertation, Sudan University of Science and Technology). Naderi, M. and Khamehchi, E., 2016. Nonlinear risk optimization approach to water drive gas reservoir production optimization using DOE and artificial intelligence.Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,31, pp.575-584. Naderi, M., Rostami, B. and Khosravi, M., 2015. Effect of heterogeneity on the productivity of vertical, deviated and horizontal wells in water drive gas reservoirs.Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,23, pp.481-491. Spain, D.R., Naidu, R., Dawson, W., Merletti, G.D., Kumar, R. and Guo, D.Y., 2015, November. Integrated Workflow for Selecting Hydraulic Fracture Initiation Points in the Khazzan Giant Tight Gas Field, Sultanate of Oman. InAbu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Al-Mudhafar, W.J., Rao, D.N. and Nasab, S.H., 2016, August. Optimization of Cyclic CO2 Flooding through the Gas Assisted Gravity Drainage Process under Geological Uncertainties. InECMOR XIV-15th European Conference on the Mathematics of Oil Recovery. Codrington, K., Nancoo-Ali, D., Leung, D., Calvert, P., Nouwens, N. and Harris, D., 2016, June. A Review of Water Reduction Techniques for Open Hole Gravel Pack Completions. InSPE Trinidad and Tobago Section Energy Resources Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers. Hosseini-Nasab, S.M., Padalkar, C., Battistutta, E. and Zitha, P.L., 2016. Mechanistic Modelling of the Alkaline/Surfactant/Polymer Flooding Process at Sub-Optimum Salinity Conditions for Enhanced Oil Recovery.Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research. Kashefi, K., Pereira, L.M., Chapoy, A., Burgass, R. and Tohidi, B., 2016. Measurement and modelling of interfacial tension in methane/water and methane/brine systems at reservoir conditions.Fluid Phase Equilibria,409, pp.301-311. Mechanical Engineering Question : What is the Mechanical Engineering ? Answer : Introduction For a construction company, buying equipment is better than taking on rent. A Saudi-based company RAM Contracting has expertise in construction, development of residential and commercial projects ("RAM Contracting - Construction, Engineering Company Riyadh, Saudi Arabia", 2016). The company wants to expand its working area, so taken up a government project of developing an underground metro-rail (Auctioneers, 2014). The technical department has come up with a demand of particular equipment Suction Excavator. The team decides to rent the equipment from a well-known construction equipment company. The report covers the points that clarify why it is better to make the purchase of twenty Excavators rather than taking twenty-four excavators on hire basis. Studies show that the purchase of equipment by a company is much more beneficial for it. It is a one-time investment and proves to be an asset for the company in the coming future. Though a huge amount of capital will be required to make the purchase, it is going to come back to the company in the form of profits. All the points are discussed in detail in the given report (Edwards Holt, 2010). Method The construction team of RAM Construction Company of Riyadh has kept a requirement of suction excavators for the construction of the underground metro-rail project. To find out what is better renting or buying of equipment few necessary points was considered. Current Financial Situation- the obvious factor is that the company has the financial stability to make the purchases. Buying the heavy equipment like suction excavators requires huge capital, but renting which seems a small expense cumulatively becomes a large amount. Financial support can be taken in the form of a loan or used equipment in good condition can also be purchased (Kim Lee, 2015). Cost Estimation- The estimate of the cost of equipment renting and buying is another factor that was considered. There are many expenses like insurance, maintenance, other such fees that are needed to be paid if the company owns the equipment, but if the equipment is rented then also all these expenses are given by the company because they will be added to the rent of the equipment. The length of the project- the project taken up by the company is for approximately two years, and a company is looking for more such projects in future. In the long run, the purchased equipment will prove to be more beneficial as they can be used in the future projects also which will reduce their expenses (Kim, Ha, Kang, Kim, Park, Park, 2013). Equipment availability- owning equipment will never face a problem of non-availability of the equipment. In renting, there is no surety of the availability of the equipment when required that will not only waste the expensive time of labour but increase the cost of the project. Inventory control- if the equipment is purchased then it will give flexibility to the project. If the project is for three months but gets extended for another two months, there will be no issues with availability of equipment. One can always sell the equipment once the work gets completed and earn its money back (Lindsay, 2015). A table is included here that help in determining the better option in terms of costing:- Cost of renting equipment Cost of owning equipment Pickup/delivery charge + Rental rate (per year/month/day) x rental period (number of years/months/days) = total rental cost Purchase cost + maintenance, delivery, insurance (ownership costs) - resale value = total ownership cost Rental period/ Total rental cost = rental cost per year/month/day Ownership period/ Total ownership cost = ownership cost per year/month/day Total rental cost / expected hours of use = rental cost per hour of use Expected hours of use/ Total ownership cost = ownership cost per hour of use (Tapio Lindman, 2007). Scheduling The purchases of the equipment need to be done immediately as the starting part of the project include the use of suction excavators to dig the ground for the underground metro-rail projects. If the equipment is purchased, then the work could be started within a week of the purchases and scheduling the duties. The requirement of twenty suction excavators is given by the department. It the starting only five suction excavators will be required as the work will be starting in a smaller area. As the area will increase the requirement of the suction excavators will also increase. After a months work another ten suction excavators will be required and after fifteen days all the suction excavators will be required to complete the job (Mahajan Rajput, 2013). Capabilities The suction excavators if purchased then they will be of the conditions that the company requires for the job. Twenty purchased suction excavators can handle the work of twenty-four rented suction excavators. The cost of hiring the driver for the excavators will also be less than renting. Suction Excavators are good for the projects as they help in creating a hole in the ground with the help of air or water. Due to this technique, the earth gets loosen and the risk of damaging the underground utility reduce to the minimum (RAM Contracting - Construction, Engineering Company Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2016). Material and Equipment AtlasCopco Company from Germany has been selected for the purchasing of the suction excavators. The company is giving twenty suction excavators at a price negotiated by the purchase department. They will be bearing the transportation cost of the equipment till it reaches Saudi Arabia and the rest will be bear by the company. They will be supplying five suction excavators within five days of order and the rest of the fifteen excavators after twenty days (Rezazadeh Azar, McCabe, 2012). Expected Result The purchased excavators can be used in two shifts of day and night, which will get the first leg of work done within twenty days. The second leg of work will be completed in the next month as the covering area is very large. The last leg will again take another month for completion (Smith, 2015). Plan for Evaluating Result The result will be evaluated with the completion of the targeted work in a particular period. For example, if the target is set to use ten suction excavators and dig twenty kilometres of ground in two days, the result will be evaluated after two days, and how much area got dug. The estimated expenses will be compared with the actual expenses that will help in measuring the result of the decision taken (Tapio Lindman, 2007). Feasibility Purchase of Suction Excavators is feasible as follows: - The equipment will be available all the time. No hidden expenses Cost effective Act as an asset for the company The company can sell the equipment after the completion of the project and resale value can be earned (Suction Excavator Solutions | Suction Excavator Solutions Providing the safest solution for all your excavation needs, 2016). Budget The following are the budget details:- Suction Excavator cost $ 24,800 Required suction excavators 20 x 24,800 = $4, 96,000 Transportation cost $ 10,000 Insurance amount 20 x $ 500 = $10,000 Total Amount $ 5, 16,000 Justification In the construction world, tools are as good as a man. The most important tool on a construction job site is the construction equipment. This equipment works for ten men in one-tenth of the time taken by a man. For achieving success in the construction business, a company should have adequate and appropriate equipment available at a moment notice. A company with capital should always purchase its equipment, as in the long run the equipment will turn into profits, which rented equipment will never give. Purchasing the equipment will have no hidden expenses where as when paying rent a company pays all the expenses plus charges for using the machine. As RAM Construction Company is looking forward to more such projects and then the purchased equipment will be very cost effective in the future projects (RAM Contracting - Construction, Engineering Company Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2016). Conclusion RAM Construction Company of Riyadh is expanding its business by taking an underground Metro-Rail project. The company requires suction excavators for the project. The report discusses why purchasing of the equipment is better than taking on rent. With the given details, the report summarizes the reasons and justification for making the purchase of the excavators for the company. The company is going to gain a lot of benefits from the purchase of the suction excavators. So the report concluded in favour of making the purchase of the suction excavators. References Auctioneers, R. (2014).When to buy or rent heavy equipment five factors to consider. | Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers.Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers. Edwards, D. Holt, G. (2010). Case study analysis of risk from using excavators as cranes.Automation In Construction,19(2), 127-133. Heavy Equipment Lifting Rental Companies in Saudi Arabia. (2016).Aaacgulf.net. Kim, N. Lee, D. (2015). Interaction Analysis between Construction Business Indicators and Business Performance Indicators of Specialty Contractors providing Labor and Small Sized Equipment.Journal Of The Korea Institute Of Building Construction,15(1), 65-71. Kim, Y., Ha, J., Kang, H., Kim, P., Park, J., Park, F. (2013). Dynamically optimal trajectories for earthmoving excavators.Automation In Construction,35, 568-578. Lindsay,. (2015).Is it Better to Lease or Buy Your Construction Equipment? | Construction Marketing Blog.Constructionmarketingassociation.org. Mahajan, D. Rajput, B. (2013). IT Model to Calculate Required Equipment for Excavation Work in Construction Projects.Journal Of Construction Engineering And Project Management,3(4), 1-4. RAM Contracting - Construction, Engineering Company Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. (2016).Ramcc.com. Retrieved 11 December 2016, from https://www.ramcc.com/ Rezazadeh Azar, E. McCabe, B. (2012). Part based model and spatialtemporal reasoning to recognize hydraulic excavators in construction images and videos.Automation In Construction,24, 194-202. Smith, D. (2015).Renting Vs. Buying.Managing Your Business. Suction Excavator Solutions | Suction Excavator Solutions Providing the safest solution for all your excavation needs.. (2016).Suctionexcavatorsolutions.co.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2016, from https://www.suctionexcavatorsolutions.co.uk/ Tapio Lindman, M. (2007). Remarks on the quality of the construction of business concepts.European Business Review,19(3), 196-215.

Lesson 3 quiz free essay sample

1. The electron microscope has been particularly useful in studying prokaryotes, because electrons can penetrate tough prokaryotic cell walls. ~prokaryotes are so small. prokaryotes move so quickly they are hard to photograph. their organelles are small and tightly packed together. 2. Which of the following terms is most closely associated with resolving power? ~Clarity Larger size Greater color Lighter image 3. The person who first used the term cell to describe the basic unit of life was Anton Van Leeuwenhoek. James Watson. Louis Pasteur. ~Robert Hooke. 4. Which of the following is true of prokaryotic cells? ~They have no nucleus. They have mitochondria. They have an endoplasmic reticulum. Plant cells are one example. 5. Which of the following consist of prokaryotic cells Plants and animals Bacteria and archaea ~Plants, fungi, bacteria and archaea Plants, bacteria and archaea 6. The cells of a bee and an elephant are, on average, the same small size; an elephant just contains more cells. We will write a custom essay sample on Lesson 3 quiz or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What is the main advantage of a small cell size? Small cells are less likely to burst than large cells. It takes less energy to make an organism out of small cells. ~A small cell has a larger surface area-to-volume ratio than a large cell. Small cells require less oxygen than large cells. 7. Ribosomes are found on the surface of this structure. Central Vacuole Rough ER Chloroplasts ~Golgi Bodies 8. The function of the nucleus is to produce proteins. contain the cytoplasm. ~contain and replicate DNA. add sugars to proteins. 9. The function of ribosomes is to synthesize RNA. DNA. lipids. ~protein. 10. Which of the following structures maintains cell shape, anchors the organelles, and moves parts of the cell? Hydrogen bonds ~Cytoskeleton Cilia Golgi complex 11. One of the main structural components of plant cell walls is ~cellulose. glucose. mitochondria. protein. 12. The membranes of cells are primarily composed of lipids and nucleic acids. proteins and nucleic acids. lipids and carbohydrates. ~lipids and proteins. 13. Which of the following correctly matches a structure with its function? ~Mitochondrion-photosynthesis Nucleus-cellular respiration Lysosome-digestion Ribosome-lipid manufacture 14. The student finds a cell of a type never seen before. The cell has both a nucleus and a cell wall. Therefore it must be a ________. ~plant liver animal prokaryotic 15. _________ are the major lipids found in the plasma membrane. Steroids ~Phospholipids Membrane proteins Fatty acids 16. Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus? Protection and support Digestion of organic matter ~Protein modification Protein synthesis 17. A protist that contains contractile vacuoles most likely lives in a marine environment. within the cells of another organism. on land. ~in fresh water. 18. Microtubules are associated with ~protein synthesis. cell shape. digestion. detoxification. 19. Cellular respiration can be described as the conversion of the energy of sunlight to energy stored in organic compounds. ~stored in food molecules to energy stored in ATP. of sunlight to energy stored in inorganic compounds. stored in ATP to energy stored in food molecules. 20. Which of the following is the correct order of events? DNA makes RNA; RNA makes protein. ~RNA makes DNA; DNA makes protein. DNA makes protein; protein makes RNA. RNA makes protein; protein makes DNA.

Volcanoes Essays (2385 words) - Volcanology, Plate Tectonics

Volcanoes Volcanoes JACK KNOFF WR 327 Technical Report Spring '99 Introduction In this report I plan to discuss the geological event of volcanic eruptions and the disasters they cause. To me, this is a fascinating topic and timely seeing how the 19th anniversary of the eruption of Mt. St. Helens is upon us. I hope to inform people of the mass destruction that is caused by the eruption of a volcano. The scope of my report will be limited to: 1) describing what comes out of a volcano, 2) explaining the seven different types of volcanoes, 3) explaining the five types of volcanic eruptions, and 4) explaining the disasters they can cause people. The procedure for completing this report first started by watching educational television programs that featured volcanoes and the upcoming anniversary of the eruption of Mt. St. Helens. From there, I decided that the topic of volcanoes would be a good subject for my analytical report. Then I began my research, first looking online for websites that contained information and pictures of volcanoes. After this, I looked for pu blications about volcanoes in the library, finding many books that pertained to my topic. Having an abundance of data, I began to sort through all of it and found what I thought to be the most informative. I then prepared an outline of the subjects I wanted to write about and arranged the data and visuals to fit my outline. And of course from there, I began to write this report using the technical writing methods taught during lecture and described in the book. Collected Data If we look through volcanoes we can view the interior of the earth. More than just lava flows are spewed out of volcanoes when they erupt. The three main components that erupt out of a volcano are: lava, ash, and bombs. When all three of these components lump together, the solid fragments are called pyroclastics. Pyroclastic rocks can be erupted in two different ways: they can be airfall deposits or pyroclastic flows. There are seven different types of volcanoes: Submarine volcanoes; Ridges and vents; Shield volcanoes; Lava plateaus and Flood basalts; Lave domes; Composite volcanoes; Cinder and Scoria cones; and Calderas. Each of these volcanoes is found in different geographical locations and have different eruptions. Along with different types of volcanoes, there are also different types of eruptions. The five eruption types are: Pelean, Vulcanian, Strombolian, Hawaiian, and Icelandic. These volcanoes have different levels of explosiveness, and their eruptions occur due to their geographic location. A volcanic hazard is destructive natural process that has a probability of reoccurring. Losses from volcanoes include: people's lives, property, livestock, and the productive capacity of the area. The factors of predicting volcanic activity are: the longer a volcano is inactive, the greater the chances are for it to become active; eruptive behavior may change with time; and some hazards are indirectly related to an eruption, making it difficult to forecast. Being informed of volcanoes in your area and knowing cautionary steps can save your life. What Comes out of Volcanoes? Volcanoes are dark windows to the interior of the Earth (Decker 104). Volcanic products are our only direct samples of the Earth's composition from deeper levels. Most people think that lava flows are the only products spewed from volcanoes, but actually volcanic ash and larger solid fragments, called cinders and blocks, form the major products of observed volcanic eruptions (Decker 104). The three components that erupt from a volcano are: lava ash, and bombs. The volcanic debris that lumps together all the sizes of solid fragments is called pyroclastics (See Figure 1). Pyroclastics come from three sources: magma that is cooled and broken into fragments by expanding gases at the moment of eruption; fragments of old crater walls which are ripped loose in explosive eruptions; and clots of liquid lava thrown into the air which cool during their flight. Pyroclastic rocks are set apart by the general size of fragments. Volcanic dust is fine; volcanic ash is gritty, with particles up to th e size of rice; cinders include pieces as big as Ping-Pong balls; and blocks cover all other fragments up to the size of a house. Volcanic bombs are block-sized clots of liquid lava thrown from erupting vents. Pyroclastic rocks can

Battle of Guadalcanal in World War II

Battle of Guadalcanal in World War II Battle of Guadalcanal Conflict Date The Battle of Guadalcanal began on August 7, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945). Armies Commanders Allies Major General Alexander Vandergrift Major General Alexander Patchup to 60,000 men Japanese Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake General Hitoshi Imamura rising to 36,200 men Operation Watchtower In the months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Allied forces suffered a string of reverses as Hong Kong, Singapore, and the Philippines were lost and the Japanese swept through the Pacific. Following the propaganda victory of the Doolittle Raid, the Allies succeeded in checking the advance of the Japanese at the Battle of the Coral Sea. The following month they won a decisive victory at the  Battle of Midway which saw four Japanese carriers sunk in exchange for USS Yorktown (CV-5). Capitalizing on this triumph, the Allies began to move to the offensive in the summer of 1942. Conceived by Admiral Ernest King, Commander-in-Chief, US Fleet, Operation Watchtower called for Allied troops to land in the Solomon Islands at Tulagi, Gavutu–Tanambogo, and Guadalcanal. Such an operation would protect the Allied lines of communication to Australia and allow for the capture of a Japanese airfield then under construction at Lunga Point, Guadalcanal. To oversee the operation, the South Pacific Area was created with Vice Admiral Robert Ghormley in command and reporting to Admiral Chester Nimitz at Pearl Harbor. The ground forces for the invasion would be under the leadership of Major General Alexander A. Vandegrift, with his 1st Marine Division forming the bulk of the 16,000 troops involved. In preparation for the operation, Vandegrifts men were shifted from the United States to New Zealand and forward bases were established or reinforced in the New Hebrides and New Caledonia. Assembling near Fiji on July 26, the Watchtower force consisted of 75 ships led by Vice Admiral Frank J. Fletcher with Rear Admiral Richmond K. Turner overseeing the amphibious forces. Going Ashore Approaching the area in poor weather, the Allied fleet remained undetected by the Japanese. On August 7, the landings began with 3,000 Marines assaulting the seaplane bases at Tulagi and Gavutu-Tanambogo. Centered on Lieutenant Colonel Merritt A. Edsons 1st Marine Raider Battalion and the 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines, the Tulagi force was compelled to disembark approximately 100 yards from the beach due to submerged coral reefs.   Wading ashore against no resistance, the Marines began securing the island and engaged enemy forces led by Captain Shigetoshi Miyazaki. Though Japanese resistance was fierce on both Tulagi and Gavutu-Tanambogo, the islands were secured on August 8 and 9 respectively. The situation on Guadalcanal was different as Vandegrift landed with 11,000 men against minimal opposition. Pushing forward the next day, they advanced to the Lunga River, secured the airfield, and drove off the Japanese construction troops that were in the area. The Japanese retreated west to the Matanikau River. In their haste to retreat, they left behind large quantities of food and construction equipment. At sea, Fletchers carrier aircraft incurred losses as they battled Japanese land-based aircraft from Rabaul. These attacks also resulted in the sinking of a transport, USS George F. Elliott, and a destroyer, USS Jarvis. Concerned about aircraft losses and his ships fuel supplies, he withdrew from the area on the evening of August 8. That evening, Allied naval forces suffered a severe defeat at the nearby Battle of Savo Island. Caught by surprise,  Rear Admiral Victor Crutchley screening force lost four heavy cruisers. Unaware that Fletcher was withdrawing, the Japanese commander, Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa, departed the area after the victory fearing air attack once the sun rose   His air cover gone, Turner withdrew on August 9 despite the fact that not all of the troops and supplies had been landed (Map). The Battle Begins Ashore, Vandegrifts men worked to form a loose perimeter and completed the airfield on August 18. Dubbed Henderson Field in memory of Marine aviator Lofton Henderson who had been killed at Midway, it began receiving aircraft two days later. Critical to the islands defense, the aircraft at Henderson became known as the Cactus Air Force (CAF) in reference to Guadalcanals code name. Short on supplies, the Marines initially possessed about two weeks worth of food when Turner departed. Their situation was further worsened by the onset of dysentery and a variety of tropical diseases. During this time, the Marines began patrolling against the Japanese in the Matanikau Valley with mixed results. In response to the Allied landings, Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake, commander of the 17th Army at Rabaul, began shifting troops to the island. The first of these, under Colonel Kiyonao Ichiki, landed at Taivu Point on August 19. Advancing west, they attacked the Marines early on August 21 and were repulsed with heavy losses at the Battle of the Tenaru. The Japanese directed additional reinforcements to the area which resulted in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons. Though the battle was a draw, it forced Rear Admiral Raizo Tanakas reinforcement convoy to turn back. As the CAF controlled the skies around the island during daylight hours, the Japanese were compelled to deliver supplies and troops to the island using destroyers. Holding Guadalcanal Fast enough to reach the island, unload, and escape before dawn, the destroyer supply line was dubbed the Tokyo Express. Though effective, this method precluded the delivery of heavy equipment and weapons. His troops suffering from tropical diseases and food shortages, Vandegrift was reinforced and re-supplied in late-August and early-September. Having built up sufficient strength, Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi attacked the Allied position at Lunga Ridge, south of Henderson Field, on September 12. In two nights of brutal fighting, the Marines held, forcing the Japanese to retreat. On September 18, Vandegrift was further reinforced, though the carrier USS Wasp was sunk covering the convoy. An American thrust against the Matanikau was checked late in the month, but actions in early October inflicted heavy losses on the Japanese and delayed their next offensive against the Lunga perimeter. With the struggle raging, Ghormley was convinced to dispatch US Army troops to aid Vandegrift. This coincided with a large Express run scheduled for October 10/11. On that evening, the two forces collided and Rear Admiral Norman Scott won a victory at the Battle of Cape Esperance. Not to be deterred, the Japanese sent a large convoy towards the island on October 13. To provide cover, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto dispatched two battleships to bombard Henderson Field. Arriving after midnight on October 14, they succeeded in destroying 48 of CAFs 90 aircraft. Replacements were quickly flown to the island and CAF began attacks on the convoy that day but to no effect. Reaching Tassafaronga on the islands western shore, the convoy began unloading the next day. Returning, CAF aircraft were more successful, destroying three cargo ships. Despite their efforts, 4,500 Japanese troops landed. The Battle Grinds On Reinforced, Hyakutake had around 20,000 men on Guadalcanal. He believed Allied strength to be around 10,000 (it was actually 23,000) and moved forward with another offensive. Moving east, his men assaulted the Lunga Perimeter for three days between October 23-26. Dubbed the Battle of Henderson Field, his attacks were thrown back with massive losses numbering 2,200-3,000 killed against less than 100 Americans. As the fighting was concluding, American naval forces now led by Vice Admiral William Bull Halsey (Ghormley was relieved on October 18) engaged the Japanese at the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands. Though Halsey lost the carrier USS Hornet, his men inflicted severe losses on the Japanese aircrews. The fight marked the last time that either sides carriers would clash in the campaign. Exploiting the victory at Henderson Field, Vandegrift began an offensive across the Matanikau. Though initially successful, it was halted when Japanese forces were discovered to the east near Koli Point. In a series of battles around Koli in early November, American forces defeated and drove off the Japanese. As this action was underway, two companies of the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion under Lieutenant Colonel Evans Carlson landed at Aola Bay on November 4. The next day, Carlson was ordered to move overland back to Lunga (approx. 40 miles) and engage enemy forces along the way. During the Long Patrol, his men killed around 500 Japanese. At Matanikau, Tokyo Express runs aided Hyakutake in strengthening his position and turning back American attacks on November 10 and 18. Victory at Last As a stalemate ensued on land, the Japanese made efforts to build up strength for an offensive in late November. To aid in this, Yamamoto made available eleven transports for Tanaka to transport 7,000 men to the island. This convoy would be covered by a force including two battleships which would bombard Henderson Field and destroy the CAF. Aware that the Japanese were moving troops to the island, the Allies planned a similar move. On the night of November 12/13, the Allied covering force encountered the Japanese battleships in the opening actions of the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. Taking off on November 14, CAF and aircraft from USS Enterprise spotted and sunk seven of Tanakas transports. Though taking heavy losses the first night, American warships turned the tide on the night of November 14/15. Tanakas remaining four transports beached themselves at Tassafaronga before dawn, but were quickly destroyed by Allied aircraft. The failure to reinforce the island led to the abandonment of the November offensive. On November 26, Lieutenant General Hitoshi Imamura took command of the newly created Eighth Area Army at Rabaul which included Hyakutakes command. Though he initially began planning for attacks at Lunga, the Allied offensive against Buna on New Guinea led to a shift in priorities as it presented a greater threat to Rabaul. As result, offensive operations on Guadalcanal were suspended. Though the Japanese won a naval victory at Tassafaronga on November 30, the supply situation on the island was becoming desperate. On December 12, the Imperial Japanese Navy recommended that the island be abandoned. The army concurred and on December 31 the Emperor endorsed the decision. As the Japanese planned their withdraw, changes occurred on Guadalcanal with Vandegrift and the battle weary 1st Marine Division departing and Major General Alexander Patchs XIV Corps taking over. On December 18, Patch began an offensive against Mount Austen. This stalled on January 4, 1943 due to strong enemy defenses. The attack was renewed on January 10 with troops also striking ridges known as the Seahorse and the Galloping Horse. By January 23, all objectives had been secured. As this fight was concluding, the Japanese had begun their evacuation which was dubbed Operation Ke. Unsure of Japanese intentions, Halsey sent Patch reinforcements which led to the naval Battle of Rennell Island on January 29/30. Concerned about a Japanese offensive, Patch did not aggressively pursue the retreating enemy. By February 7, Operation Ke was complete with 10,652 Japanese soldiers having left the island. Realizing the enemy had departed, Patch declared the island secured on February 9. Aftermath During the campaign to take Guadalcanal, the Allied losses numbered around 7,100 men, 29 ships, and 615 aircraft. Japanese casualties were approximately 31,000 killed, 1,000 captured, 38 ships, and 683-880 aircraft. With the victory at Guadalcanal, the strategic initiative passed to the Allies for the remainder of the war. The island was subsequently developed into a major base for supporting future Allied offensives. Having exhausted themselves in the campaign for the island, the Japanese had weakened themselves elsewhere which contributed to the successful conclusion of Allied campaigns on New Guinea. The first sustained Allied campaign in the Pacific, it provided a psychological boost for the troops as well as led to the development of combat and logistical systems that would be used in the Allies march across the Pacific. With the island secured, operations continued on New Guinea and the Allies began their island hopping campaign towards Japan.

Art in Iraqi secondary schools Literature review

Art in Iraqi secondary schools - Literature review Example Along with learning arts, they also use arts to strengthen the understanding of other subjects. The advantage of this integration is that children will not have to join extra classes and give additional fees to accomplish their passion. However, many children do not even get the opportunity to learn what interest them because their parents do not have resources to get them into arts classes. Despite the huge importance and recognition of arts globally, there exist many countries, which do not want the teaching of this subject in their secondary schools (Alias, Gray & Black, 2002, pp. 165-175). Neither have they wanted the children to learn in interdisciplinary ways. Iraq is one of those countries, which in spite of knowing the value of this subject, has removed the subject of arts from its schools. The schools in developing countries, mostly of Asia, even if have arts as subject, they are not able to deliver the true essence of arts to the students. The primary reasons behind this sc enario is that teachers give arts education in theory in the primary classes and in secondary classes this education is given through elective subjects. Teachers in many schools of developing countries do not have enough knowledge of what they are teaching, if a person does not have enough knowledge, one cannot expect him to teach that subject in different ways. This happens in the schools, which do not have enough funds to hire well-educated and skilled teachers. With the limited amount of money, they can only hire teachers who have a little knowledge about the subject. This might be one of the reasons that Iraqi schools do not have arts as essential model. Lack of resources is one of the important issues that hinder the provision of arts education in developing countries. Nevertheless, this is not the only reason, mostly in Asian countries, schools use western modules of arts however, western and eastern cultures are greatly different from each other (Cacchione, Mohring & Bertin, 2012, pp.1-10). An art is something that one learns from everyday life environment. Therefore, every country should design arts module according to its own culture so that children can easily observe, express and envisage the concepts that they learn. In many countries like New Zealand, arts in the curriculum carry the equal credit as other subjects like mathematics and science. Schools implement this to meet the needs of students, as students of this era do not want to limit their learning to the theory however; they want practical examples of everything they learn. Arts enable them to practically examine every phenomenon. There are mainly four key learning areas of arts i.e. creative, perceptual and cognitive skills; Aesthetic skills; communication and expression skills; and lastly understanding of one’s culture and values. For provision of quality arts education, schools should indulge few factors in the module of arts. Firstly, relevance between subject material and oneâ €™s environment and cultural background is important for the children. As discussed above, today children need practical examples to learn in a better way (Carroll, 2011, pp. 9-25). If teachers educate students about something that they can never encounter, the learning of that subject would not be fruitful for the students. Integration of arts in the module would induce teachers to design the